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Saturday, October 29, 2011

树的主题教学(转载)--- 爱馨幼儿园

主题名称:亲近大树

主题总目标:
在“拜访大树”课程单元中,我们希望提供孩子亲近树,认识树,甚至爱上树的机会。我们将尽其可能地让幼儿看到、听到、闻到、摸到不同种类的数,让幼儿和树有相处的时间,让幼儿自己发现树的种种样貌。

主题单元与内容:
树的构造--树的外形,树的各部分树与人和动物的关系--保护环境,食物来源,生活用品,精神享受,与树玩游戏--美劳游戏,音乐游戏,体能游戏树的联想--叶子会跳舞,假如我是一棵树,叶子鸟,家庭树,假如没有树

其他活动日常生活区的活动:

1)照顾盆栽的树。
2)可食的果实当点心。
3)以晒干的果实种子当抓、舀、倒的工作材料。

数学区的活动:

1)《树干有多粗》户外测量与记录活动。
2)照顾盆栽的树
3)可食的果实当点心。
4)以晒干的果实种子当抓、舀、倒的工作材料。
5)以果实的种子当数算的材料,设计加、乘、减、除的活动,如数字与筹码的活动。

绘本阅读区:
1) 《一秒钟的改变
 2)《树真好》,有关大树一年四季变化的绘本。
3)《一片叶子落下来》,讲述一片叶子的一生,富有哲理。
4)《两棵树》整个故事充满着诗意的浪漫与奋斗,娓娓道来,如浴春风。
5)《叶子》(蒲蒲兰绘本)
6)《安的种子》
7)《胡萝卜种子》将自信的种子深埋在孩子心中
8))《爱心树》


感官区的活动:
1)户外教学——到学校附近的公园观察树,做开放性的讨论及探索。
2)以幻灯片观察树在环境中的姿态和创意的画面。

语言区的活动:
1)树的名称。
2)树的儿歌。
3)树的标本。

专门性探讨:
1)以实物认识树的各部位名称。
2)观察一棵树的变化并记录。
3)树的拼图板。
4)树的三步卡与定义册。
5)制作树的小书。
6)树叶配对卡。
7)树叶拼图橱。
8)叶的三步卡与定义册。
9)树叶小书。
10)制作叶脉书签。
11)叶形的探讨。
12)种树并记录其成长状况。
13)透过各种教学媒体,认识人和树的相依关系。
14)探讨环境保护的重要性。

美劳:
1)以撕贴水墨画、盖印画、捏塑粘土、折纸等各种素材和技巧,设计成一份份的工作。
2)整合经历过的美劳经验,做小组合作画。

音乐:
1)《田园交响曲》的音乐鉴赏。
2)音乐的创作性律动。
3)树的歌曲——可透过说白、节奏、乐器、吟唱来进行。

Monday, October 17, 2011

家长满足幼儿需要的前提是了解和关注


有位妈妈这样说:“我一直都在寻求教育孩子的方法,所以到很多的家庭教育群里去看其他家长的教育心得,买了很多家庭教育书籍来学习。想把孩子教育好。但是越学习,困惑越多,我现在都不知道怎么教育孩子了。”其实这并不难理解,现在网上的家庭教育群很多,但是都是在交流各自的育儿心得,并没有专业性,家长在不了解自己孩子的情况下,随意的将别人的育儿方法用到自己身上,所以会越教育效果越差。还有就是因为家长并没有把所学的家庭教育知识融会贯通,看似学习,实际上心态不正确,总是试图改变孩子,而忽略了自己要做孩子的榜样。这就需要家长除了对家庭教育观念的转变的同时,还要从根本上了解自己的孩子,了解孩子的精神世界里到底需要什么。只有知道孩子需要什么,才不会停留在满足孩子物质需求和身体一般状况上,把孩子的生命提升到新的层次。家长如想满足幼儿的需要,则要从以下几个方面对孩子有一个深入的了解。
1、安全感的需要——人的不安全感来自于生活需求得不到保障带来的焦虑和人身安全受到威胁带来的恐惧和不安。孩子的不安全感同样也源于此,并且更具有独特的安全需要。家长应明确,孩子对安全感的需要是强烈的。而孩子的安全感来自于父母的给与。父母的作用是其他任何人都难以替代的。婴幼儿得到父母的关爱、呵护,他们才会有安全感。孩子昨天什么行为被允许或得到赞许,便能类推出今天的什么行为也会得到允许或赞许,他们对自己和未来便有了信心,便有了安全感。此外,孩子还需要来自社会交往中的安全感,他们害怕被排斥而产生不安全感。他们需要被集体、同伴和老师的肯定和容纳,需要在集体中认识自己并获得自信,依靠自信获得内心稳定,获得自我价值感和力量的源泉。
2、交往的需要——孩子的交往需要是与生俱来的,人也正是在社会交往中从自然人成为社会人的。与同伴的交往已成为孩子社会化的主要途径。在孩子成长中父母是孩子的第一交往人,对孩子的发展起着终于的作用。但是与同伴的交往却是父母所不能代替的,孩子也只有在与同伴的交往中,才能真正得到孩子式的爱好和欢乐,获得社会支持和安全感,孩子的沟通能力,合作精神,竞争意识,同情心,爱心等美德也只有在与同伴的交往中获得,从而学到社会技能,获得情感的发展,使孩子逐步社会化。家长可以这样做:把孩子“推”出去,寻找交往对象,家长要多带孩子串门子,带孩子到人多公园或草坪上,鼓励孩子和陌生的孩子交朋友。让孩子在一次次的交往中得到锻炼。家长还可以把别的孩子请到家里来,给孩子们提供交往的场所。在就是指导孩子区分是非,有的家长不让孩子与伙伴玩耍,是担心孩子学坏这种担心是有道理的,但是如果怕孩子学坏就禁止交往,那就因噎废食了。在幼儿园。小学阶段的孩子坏不到什么程度,做家长的也不要制造等级标准,只要孩子们在一起玩儿的快乐就好。
3、信任的需要——我们都知道,无论我们做什么事情都需要得到对方的信任,如果不建立的信任的基础上,很多事情都办不成,做不到。孩子也是如此,孩子需要想温暖可靠的信任和理解中去学习和探索,在信任中去克服幼稚和错误。孩子在顺利和成功时应该得到信任,这一点家长很容易做到。但是孩子在遭到失败和挫折时更需要这样的信任和理解,这时家长要不吝惜信任,这才是真正的爱孩子。
4、创造的需要——大自然中,人是最具有创造的需要,也是最具有创造的天赋。孩子的创造其实很简单。不少父母为孩子选购玩具,总是尽可能挑选华贵的,自动的玩具,似乎贵的玩具对孩子就更有价值。其他,家长挑玩具不能以价格为标准,尤其对孩子创造需要的满足更是如此。针对这种情况,我指导家长购买玩具应注意满足孩子的创造欲望,比如组装玩具就比自动玩具强,可以拆卸,可以重新组合造型,孩子可以完全发挥自己的想象去创造。
5、探索的需要——孩子总是想了解世界,什么事情对于他们来说都是新奇的,这是孩子的天性。喜欢思考,喜欢问为什么。孩子的探索就是孩子的探索,带有明显的未来科学家的举止。当孩子问家长天上的星星是怎样时,就很欣喜孩子的探索,当孩子钻到床下‘探索’时家长却不以为然。孩子的最初探索就是从这里萌芽的,所以告诫家长,不要阻碍了孩子的探索。
6、成功的需要——在马斯洛的需要层次理论中,成就需要是最高层次的需要。孩子同样有这种需要,而且也是孩子的最高需要。每个孩子都希望自己的行为。能力得到他人的认可,尤其是父母和老师的认可。一个一年级老师亲切地搂着一个孩子连连夸奖:“真棒!真乖!你看你多能干!”那个孩子并不是作出了难题,他是全班最后一名,整整读了半学期的书,才能默写完26个拼音字母!如果家长和老师都能这样对待自己认为“不成功”的孩子,那么孩子将来会上怎样的一番大作为!
7、独立的需要——每个孩子都是一个独立的个体,他们不希望永远活在父母的保护中,他们渴望能够独立地做一些事情,独立地决定自己的事情。
8、游戏的需要——不少家长认为,游戏只不过是让孩子玩玩而已是浪费时间。其实这时没有认识到游戏对于孩子的需要。幼儿阶段的孩子主要以游戏为主,他们通过各种亲子游戏,集体游戏来感知和了解大自然。陈鹤琴说:“小孩子是以游戏为生命的。”游戏是孩子主动的,自愿的活动,是适应孩子内心的需要而产生的,是正在成长中的孩子最大的心里需求。
9、潜在的需要——孩子潜在的需要有:表达情绪的需要、对刺激的需要、不愿受干扰的需要也就是独处的需要。
李子勋说:“孩子在遇到问题、情绪出现困扰时,最需要的并不是一个教育家,而是能了解自己、关怀和包容自己的父母。如果孩子不愿意将受到的困扰告诉我们,最可能的原因是我们曾在听过孩子的诉说之后,并没有表现出孩子所期待的接纳,孩子的心情得不到安抚,甚至会加深创伤。





























作者: 孙鸿雁 (甘肃甘南幼儿一班 









Thursday, October 6, 2011

Preschool science activities

How to teach science--and the scientific method--to young children



When done right, preschool science is exciting and intellectually meaningful. The right preschool science activities can

• nurture your child’s natural sense of adventure and curiosity

• help your child develop his own understanding of the natural world

• encourage your child to be a persistent problem solver, and

• introduce your child to basic elements of scientific reasoning (seeking evidence; testing predictions)

So what’s the right way to teach science?
Research in cognitive psychology and child development has revealed a lot about how kids learn.
Here are some important recommendations relevant to teaching preschool science. Most of this advice stems from the influential work of Rochel Gelman, a leading researcher in the field of cognitive science and science education.

Don't force it and don't lecture

Preschooler brains aren’t wired for tasks that require them to sit still and focus their attention on your every word. They process information more slowly and burn more energy while they do it. Force kids to sit still for lectures, and you risk turning destroying their natural enthusiasm for science.

Teach through hands-on experiences

Preschoolers learn best by doing, so choose preschool science activities that emphasize hands-on experiences and require minimal explanation from you.

Build on what your child already knows

Learning about something completely unfamiliar is relatively hard. It’s much easier to learn more about something you are already familiar with.Although they are young, preschoolers have nonetheless begun building concepts in a variety of core subject areas, or domains.
Cognitive psychologist Rochel Gelman argues that you should choose preschool science activities that feed into these pre-existing “learning paths.”

Some of these learning paths include:

• cause and effect sequences pertaining to every day objects (e.g., popsicles melt in the sun-—Gelman et al 1980)
• structure and function (like the relationship between the shape of an animal’s teeth and its diet)
• variation and classification--the idea that different objects or organisms have distinct properties (e.g., “mammals have fur; birds have feathers”)
• how nonliving physical things change (e.g., a toy becomes a broken toy—-Gelman et al 1980; Das Gupta and Bryant 1989)
• how living things grow and change (Rosengren 1991)
• how the insides of a living thing differs from the insides of an inanimate object (Gelman 1990)
• how living things move
• how animals and people think (i.e., they have goals and desires)

These learning paths can be linked to a wide range of preschool science activities (see next section).

Choose preschool science activities that are conceptually connected to each other

While it might be tempting to jump from topic to topic, kids are more likely to learn when they are given many opportunities to think about the same concept (Gelman and Lucariello 2002; Winnett et al 1996).To make science lessons more meaningful, Rochel Gelman and her colleagues recommend that you choose one or two central concepts—like “insides and outsides” or “biological change and life cycles”—and stick with these core concepts for months at a time (Gelman and Brenneman 2004).
At first blush, this might sound rather limiting. But the central concepts are broad and yield themselves to a wide range of preschool science activities. For instance, if you choose to focus on “biological change and life cycles” you might spend time exploring

• Seeds and plants (e.g., counting the seeds inside an apple; planting the seeds; observing how plants grow under different conditions)
• The life cycle of various animals (e.g., learning about frogs, puppies, butterflies, humans, etc.)
• Measuring growth in plants and animals
• Health and illness

Encourage your child’s special interests

The “learning paths” mentioned above are based on what most (if not all) kids know about. In fact, they relate to core domains of knowledge that may be “universally learnable with relative ease” (Gelman and Lucariello 2002).But these are not the only learning paths of importance. Your child might have a special interest in rocks, or automobiles, or cats, or animal behavior. Pay attention to these interests and find preschool activities that build on them.

Stick to subject matter that is age-appropriate

Beware of tendency to adapt preschool science activities from lessons designed for older kids. Encouraging your preschooler to mix paint colors or explore shadows is a fine idea. But it makes little sense to tackle the physics of light waves, since many adults find this difficult.In general, I think it is a good idea to avoid activities that depend on explanations of unseen forces (like electromagnetism or natural selection).

Don’t “dumb down” the vocabulary

When we learn new concepts, our brains have to “file” these concepts away. Our brains do this, in part, by connecting the concepts with vocabulary. In this way, the concepts and the terminology are intimately connected.So don’t try to “dumb down” the language when you introduce your child to new information. If you are teaching kids about respiration, call it respiration (Gelman and Brenneman 2004).

Make science tools a part of everyday life

Some preschool science activities involve the use of science tools--like magnifying glasses, rulers, and balance scales. Once your child becomes familiar with using such tools, keep them available throughout the day—not just during preschool activities (Gelman and Brenneman 2004).

Make preschool science activities an opportunity to learn the scientific method

Scientists develop hypotheses to explain the world. Then they ask themselves what ought to happen IF their hypotheses are correct. Testing these predictions—and analyzing the results—is the essence of the scientific method.Some science activities permit kids to explore on their own—-without making them conscious of the scientific method. I’m convinced that these activities are extremely valuable. But kids can also enjoy more structured activities that explicitly teach the scientific method. Rochel Gelman and her colleagues recommend introducing kids to the terms

• Observe
• Predict
• Check

For more illustration, see these preschool science activities about ice.

Other resources

Preschoolers don't need television, but there are a few programs designed for young children that seem to teach valuable lessons about science and the natural world. For my personal recommendations, check out these reviews of the best preschool science shows.











More useful info :http://www.parentingscience.com/